Strategic Management Fuel business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Key Management Fuel business - Essay Example The key issues for GM are its hierarchical productivity, its creation procedures, and market responsiveness. GM can improve its circumstance by modifying its hierarchical structure to advance a lean administration process. It should change its creation procedures to reflect higher efficiencies in flexibly chain and stage appropriation, and increment its market responsiveness by shortening its time from structure improvement to rollout. General Motors (GM) is one of the world's biggest organizations, with assembling tasks in more than 30 nations and item deals of 9,000,000 units in excess of 200 countries over the world.1 regardless of its rich history of ascending from humble beginnings in 1908 to its peak of controlling 65% of household vehicle deals in the mid-1970's, GM today is one of the least gainful vehicle makers on the planet. Truth be told, as of the date of this contextual analysis, GM's arrival on contributed capital is just 1/sixth that of one of its significant rivals. This speaks to a huge difficulty that must be tended to and settled if the organization is to keep up its suitability. The reason for this paper is to look at the basic key issues confronting GM and offer proposals on explicit advances that can be taken to address the inadequacies. The examination of basic vital... To begin with, the outer condition is looked into to recognize those chances and dangers which might be available. These incorporate industry issue, contender activities, and client patterns. Further outside contemplations may incorporate provider and flexibly chain the executives just as natural components. Second, the inside condition is broke down to decide the two qualities and shortcomings with the goal that the previous can be boosted and the last lessened. At long last, the consequences of the SWOT investigation are blended into recognizable, key vital issues that can be organized for the board's core interest. When recognized as far as their earnestness, the issues can be tended to in such a way as to realize the best outcome in the most effective and ideal manner. Outer. Regarding industry-wide vital administration contemplations in the course of recent years, GM has not worked admirably reacting to the progressions confronting the business. Like most American vehicle makers, the organization was not ready for the 1973 vitality emergency and the ensuing disclosure of its item's fuel wastefulness. As the market request changed to littler, more eco-friendly vehicles, GM was not situated to make the essential changes and subsequently lost piece of the pie to the new rivalry; the Japanese. The a dependable balance picked up by the opposition in that time has been extended as of late and in spite of the fact that GM has rebuilt a few times, it has never recaptured the piece of the overall industry essential for productivity. From a contender point of view, the Japanese automakers were especially very much arranged to undermine GM's piece of the pie. They were at that point capable at assembling littler vehicles, had a more tight administration structure, a superior cost proficiency, and out-performed GM and

Leung Hoi Ning (14) Class 6S Group No. 8 Date of experiment 9-12-03 Essay Example

Leung Hoi Ning (14) Class: 6S Group No.: 8 Date of trial: 9-12-03 Essay Target We are contemplating the basic symphonious movement of a pendulum by appending a ticker-tape to the sway and examining the specks set apart on the tape.Experimental Design-Apparatus: 0.5 kg ringed mass1.5 m length of stringTicker-tape timerTicker-tapeLow voltage power gracefully (a.c.)Retort stand and clip Procedure for getting the ticker-tape1. A string with 1.5 m since quite a while ago was estimated and tied with the 0.5 kg ringed mass2. Set the pendulum as appeared in figure 1Figure 13. The ticker-tape clock was associated with the low voltage power flexible (a.c.)4. The answer clip was utilized to hold the clasp firmly so it would not vibrate when the mass was swinging.5. A 30cm ticker-tape was appended to the ringed mass6. The 0.5 kg ringed mass was pulled to the other side with abundancy of 13cm from the balance position.7. The force gracefully and the ticker-tape clock were exchanged on.8. The 0.5 kg ringed mass was permitted to swing to the opposite side after a coupl e of dabs were stroke on a similar spot of the ticker-tape.9. The ticker-tape clock was turned off when the 0.5 kg ringed mass started to swing back to the balance position.10. Step (3) to step(7) were rehashed until 5 more ticker-tapes were got.- Procedures for plotting graphs1. The spots set apart on the tape were examined.2. The tape, which the spots were splendidly stroke, was chosen.3. The two most broadly divided dabs were set apart on the tape. This gives the zero position (harmony position) of the pendulum bob.4. Each third spot from the zero situation on the tape was checked. The relocation of these focuses from the zero position was estimated and the comparing time was worked out. Time interim between fruitful specks = 0.02 second.5. These information was plotted on a removal time chart (on Page 3 ).6. The speed was worked out from the inclines of the bend in the relocation time graph.The speed time chart was plotted (on Page 4 ).7. The increasing speed was worked out from the slants of bend in the speed time diagram. The comparing dislodging was found. The dislodging quickening diagram and the speeding up time chart were plotted (on Page 5 and 6 ).Result:Displaccement x/cm11.610.48.86.54.60-2.9-5.9-8.3-10.2-11.7-12.4Time t/s0.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.01.11.2Velocity v/cm/s-1.15-2-2.3-2.6-3.3-3.7-2.8-2.5-2.3-1.45-0.8-0.55Time t/s0.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.01.11.2Acceleration a/cm/s㠯⠿â ½-1.55-1.43-1.25-0.95-0.6500.40.81.151.451.651.75Displaccement x/m0.1160.1040.0880.0650.0460-0.029-0.059-0.083-0.102-0.117-0.124Acceleration a/cm/s㠯⠿â ½-1.55-1.43-1.25-0.95-0.6500.40.81.151.451.651.75Time t/s0.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.01.11.2Data evaluation:From the relocation time diagram, the bend is a half cycled cosine bend. The bend in the speed time chart is a negative, half-cycled sine bend. The bend in the speeding up time diagram is a negative, half-cycled cosine bend. From the increasing speed relocation diagram, a straight line was appeare d, which the quickening is consistently the other way and is legitimately relative to the uprooting. So we can utilize the accompanying condition to speak to the motion:a = - w à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½ x(where an is the increasing speed, w is the rakish speed ( a positive steady ), x is the displacement)The meaning of basic symphonious movement (S.H.M.) is:1. the increasing speed of a molecule is* coordinated towards a fixed point* legitimately relative to its good ways from that poing2. the increasing speed is consistently the other way to the displacementSo, the condition a = - w㠯⠿â ½x demonstrated that the pendulum performed S.H.M.Also, for a S.H.M. the precise speed (w) is kept steady. Period (T) is equivalent to 2?/w, so the period is additionally kept steady and is free of plentifulness and mass of the bob.From the diagrams the estimation of w is pretty much the equivalent inside the motion.time0.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.01.11.2w0.0070.010.010.010.020.020.020.020.020.020.010.03As time frame (T) = 2? /wSo the period is likewise pretty much the equivalent inside the motion.DiscussionBackground data of basic consonant motion.There is a nearby association between roundabout movement and straightforward symphonious movement. Consider an item encountering uniform roundabout movement, for example, a mass sitting on the edge of a pivoting turntable. This is two-dimensional movement, and the x and y position of the item whenever can be found by applying the equations:The movement is uniform roundabout movement, implying that the rakish speed is consistent, and the precise removal is identified with the precise speed by the equation:Plugging this in to the x and y positions clarifies that these are the conditions giving the directions of the article anytime, expecting the article was at the position x = r on the x-hub at time = 0:How does this identify with basic consonant movement? An item encountering basic symphonious movement is going in one measurement, and its one-dimensional movement is given by a condition of the formThe sufficiency is just the most extreme uprooting of the article from the harmony position.So, at the end of the day, a similar condition applies to the situation of an item encountering straightforward consonant movement and one component of the situation of an article encountering uniform roundabout movement. Note that the In the SHM dislodging condition is known as the rakish recurrence. It is identified with the recurrence (f) of the movement, and contrarily identified with the period (T):The recurrence is what number of motions there are every second, having units of hertz (Hz); the period is to what extent it takes to make one oscillation.Velocity in SHMIn basic consonant movement, the speed continually changes, swaying similarly as the uprooting does. At the point when the removal is most extreme, in any case, the speed is zero; when the dislodging is zero, the speed is greatest. For reasons unknown, the speed is gi ven by:Acceleration in SHMThe increasing speed likewise sways in straightforward symphonious movement. On the off chance that you think about a mass on a spring, when the uprooting is zero the quickening is additionally zero, in light of the fact that the spring applies no power. At the point when the dislodging is greatest, the speeding up is most extreme, on the grounds that the spring applies greatest power; the power applied by the spring is the other way as the relocation. The quickening is given by:Note that the condition for speeding up is like the condition for uprooting. The speeding up can in actuality be composed as:All of the conditions above, for relocation, speed, and increasing speed as a component of time, apply to any framework experiencing straightforward symphonious movement. What recognizes one framework from another is the thing that decides the recurrence of the motionWe pick a 1.5 m long string and the abundancy to be 13 cm since we have to guarantee the swing point is under 5 à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½. The reestablishing power F = mama = mgsin?, which consistently will in general take the article back to the first (zero) position.For extremely little ?,?S.H.M.After examining the x-t, v-t, x-an and a-t diagrams , I find out about the stage edge. The accompanying figure shows three moment in the movement of a pendulum.At H, the quickening an is most extreme and positive. A quarter cycle later, at O, the speed v is most extreme and positive. Another quarter cycle later, the position x is most extreme and positive at K. One cycle compares to an expansion of 2? or on the other hand 360㠯⠿â ½ for à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½. So a quarter cycle compares to 1/2 ? or on the other hand 90㠯⠿â ½. Along these lines,- the quickening drives the speed by 1/2 ?- the speed drives the situation by 1/2 ?Conversely, the speed slacks the increasing speed by 1/2 ?, and the position slacks the speed by 1/2 ?. The quickening and position are out of stage by ?, for example the y are in antiphase. These differnences in the estimation of à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½ are called stage difference.The speed and increasing speed of the weave, much the same as the dislodging, can be portrayed by turning vectors of size wA and wà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½A separately. The relative stage relations, for example a leads v by 1/2? what's more, v drives x by 1/2?, are clear from such a figure.At H At O At KThe new conditions for dislodging, speed and increasing speed are as follows:x = Acos㠯⠿â ½v = - wAsin(à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ + 1/2 ? )a = - wà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Acos(à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ + ? )As a = - (g/l)xw㠯⠿â ½ = g/lw = (g/l)1/2T = 2? /wPeriod isn't just reliant on the swing edge, yet in addition the length of string, while the sufficiency and mass don't influence the period. So it is isochronous.Error AnalysisIn this investigation, the mistakes mostly originate from gratings, with air and inside the string, just as the contact between the ticker-tape and the seat. They go about as a damping power and hind er the movement. So vitality is lost persistently to defeat the fictions. This damping power is straightforwardly relative however inverse way to the speed of the weave. The damping power is equivalent to - bv where b is a positive consistent and v is the speed of the sway. Presently the reestablishing power is no long equivalent to mgsin㠯⠿â ½. The new condition of reestablishing is mama = mgsin㠯⠿â ½ bv. The articulation a = - (g/l)x is never again be acquired. So the movement isn't basic symphonious one anymore.The swing edge is hard to hold under 5 à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½. So on the off chance that a point bigger, at that point 5 à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½ is utilized, the equationscannot be held thus the movement is certifiably not a basic consonant one.When leave the ringed mass and let it to swing, we may give an outside power to it. Additionally the mass wavers on a level plane during the swinging movement. These may influence the swing edge and the speed of the weave and this clarified why the specks on the v-t chart can't interface together to shape a smooth curve.Another enormous issue is to gauge the inclines of the bends precisely. This clarifies why the dabs in v-t, x-an and a-t charts can't interface together to frame smooth bends and straight line.Improvements1. Hold the mass fixed for some time before leaving it. Make an effort not to apply any power to the mass.2. Wind the cinch as tigh

Blog Archive MBA Admissions Myths Destroyed I Did Not Go to an Ivy!

Blog Archive MBA Admissions Myths Destroyed I Did Not Go to an Ivy! Have you ever heard of Fundacao Getulio Vargas in Brazil? What about Universidad Metropolitana in Venezuela? Do you know anyone at the University of Calgary or the University of British Columbia, both in Canada? Why do we ask? Harvard posted profiles of thirty two students who are in its Class of 2010 and to the shock of many, not all of its class went to Harvard College. In fact, only three of this group did. You may say, “Yes, but they selectively released information on these thirty-two students.” Well, the school also offers a list of the five hundred institutions that have been represented in its last three classes of 900 to 950 students. Meanwhile, the Stanford (not an Ivy) admissions office states that 151 schools were represented among its 385 students in its Class of 2011. And, it goes on… While Harvard College is certainly well-represented in the HBS class, most schools attract a strong following among   their alumni. Still, it is not a prerequisite, nor is it a hindrance. The admissions committees are more interested in your performance â€" academic, professional, volunteer, personal â€" than your pedigree. Further, the admissions committee is interested in diversity. We don’t feel that we are going out on a limb stating that Wharton does not want and cannot have a class of 850 UPenn undergrads, because they simply want the best potential business leaders out there and thus must jump into a much deeper pool. So, if you come from a school that has no international profile or even a limited national profile, you should not worry. Your performance at your academic institution is far more important than your institution’s name. Furthermore, you represent far more than your undergraduate institution and should therefore not be an apologist for your school, but an advocate of your skills. Share ThisTweet Admissions Myths Destroyed Harvard University (Harvard Business School) Stanford University (Stanford Graduate School of Business) University of Pennsylvania (Wharton)

Legalizing Marijuan A Utilitarian Perspective - 1618 Words

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Analysis Of The Movie Birth Of A Nation - 803 Words

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Strategic Planning And Development Of Satellite Clinic

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Single-Use Plans free essay sample

Plans developed for activities that are not likely to be repeated in the future are called single-use plans (programs and projects). This can apply in many businesses. Can you think of a good example of this used recently? are there always positives when using single-use plans or can they sometimes backfire? And if a single use plan is very successful, is it possible that it might be used again? Do single use plans lose their effectiveness after one use? Responses: 1. Wouldn’t a budget be a single-use plan? Setting a budget for the month or year is usually a project a manager has to work on for some time, since they are asked to predict what they will need to run a business effectively. This type of plan, along with any type of plan, can have positive and negative feedback, which would then leave the level of success to depend on the effectiveness of solving the problem. We will write a custom essay sample on Single-Use Plans or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If a plan, a budget, or a project has positive results the ideas will usually be remembered by someone in the company, giving it the potential to be used or incorporated in other projects. But as for duplicating the exact plan, I don’t think any plan is exactly duplicated, plans tend to need a little adjusting to fit the needs of the situation that is arising. 2. yes I agree with you erin because the thought occurred to me that if businesses copied their competition their business would be in terrible shape because they would be using the same plan as their competitor hich would not make any sense. this also makes me think that using the same plan over and over would be ineffective eventually.. do to the fact that in the world today, innovation is replacing tradition. 3. An example of a single-use plan would be the Business Administration bus trip to a local business. That could be considered a project/program. It is repeated though, but in different forms each time. I think the whole concept of single-use plans though means just as it state, to use it once. I find it self-explanatory. A presidental campaign could be considered a program. It is something you will more than likely only do once and put alot of effort into. Single use plans might lose effectiveness, but if you were using the plan repeatedly it wouldnt be considered a single use plan. I think its all about what prospective you have on the term itself.

Reinventing Suicide Policy in Aboriginal Communities in Northern Ontario

Abstract Recent researches show that the rate of suicide among the First Nations young people is increasingly frightening, more so among Aboriginal people of North Ontario region of Canada.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Reinventing Suicide Policy in Aboriginal Communities in Northern Ontario specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Estimates show that the rate of suicide among Aboriginal is 2-3 times higher as compared to that of non-Aboriginals of Canada (Health Canada, 2003) and when the overall youth population is analyzed, estimates show that Aboriginal youth suicide rate is 5-6 times higher than that of non-Aboriginal youth (Health Canada, 2003). Numerous factors have been cited to cause suicide among the Aboriginal people such as socio-psychological, economical, political, religious and cultural (Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance, n.d). The government together with other stakeholders has establi shed numerous suicide prevention strategies, but as many researchers and analysts state, the program has largely failed to accomplish the stated goals, thus suicide cases and rates are still prevalent and high. Therefore, the emphasis of this paper will be to evaluate the Suicide policy in Aboriginal communities in Northern Ontario and provide recommendations for possible re-invention of the policy. Keywords: Aboriginal, suicide, action research, policy, policy re-invention. Reinventing Suicide Policy in Aboriginal Communities in Northern Ontario The issue of suicide in society has attracted numerous literatures where each piece of writing tries to explain the origin or source of suicide. Such literatures utilize the numerous theories that exist in explaining and analyzing the issue of suicide. Today, there are many theories that have been formulated by many researchers, which explain why people commit suicide in society.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences ? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example in 1935, Freud formulated a theory, which postulated that people commit suicide to express their aggressive behaviors (Johnson, 2010, p.36). Shneidman and Farberow (1957) had a theory where they examined suicide in the context of comparing individuals with others using indicators of social acceptance. On his part, Durkheim (1979) argued that suicide results from absence of social integration and social regulation (Johnson, 2010). Further, to Linehan (1993), suicide can be explained as a process which individual opts to in order to eliminate pain and suffering especially when the individual lacks appropriate coping mechanisms (Johnson, 2010). Jamison (1999) was categorical on the issue of suicide where he noted that suicide manifested a wide impacts of pain and continuous disappointment among the victim and when such victims choose to terminate their lives, the general impression is that their life is characterized by absence of appropriate coping mechanisms (Johnson, 2010). All these theories foster one important aspect about suicide, which is; suicide, as a concept is multidimensional and complex problem, which makes it more difficult to make assessment and treatment, but at the same time, it is clear that almost all suicides share some mental conditions. Suicide among the Aboriginal communities The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples Committee identifies suicide as a special and urgent issue among the Aboriginal people. The observation of the committee is that Aboriginal people have un-addressed internal anguish that threatens to overpower them. The committee describes the causes of suicide among the Aboriginals to be â€Å"the expression of a kind of collective anguish-part grief, part anger-tearing at the minds and hearts of many people. This anguish is the cumulative effect of 300 years of colonial history: lands occupied, resources seized, beliefs and cu ltures ridiculed, children taken away, power concentrated in distant capitals, and hopes for honorable co-existence dashed over and over again† (Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples Committee, n.d).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Reinventing Suicide Policy in Aboriginal Communities in Northern Ontario specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Center for Suicide Prevention, in its publication, notes that during the pre-European contact era, suicide among the Aboriginal population in Canada was uncommon, and that suicide rates escalated during the past few decades. At the same time, in 1999, Health Canada established that suicide and self-injury cases had increased to assume the leading position as major cause of death among young people and adults up to about the age of 44 (cited in Center for Suicide Prevention, 2003). During the same year, it was established that suicide and self-injury reported ca ses accounted for almost 38 per cent of deaths among the adolescents and young people while deaths among adults stood at 23 per cent (Center for Suicide Prevention, 2003). Conducting another research in 1995, the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples established that the rate of suicide among the Aboriginal population was three times more when compared with the general population of Canada (cited in Center for Suicide Prevention, 2003). From the year 2000, the rate of Aboriginal suicide has been estimated to be twice that of overall national rate (Austin, 2010, p.949) and from 1999 to 2003 in Inuit regions, the rate of suicide has been ten times when compared with the national rate (Austin, 2010, p.949). Notably, adolescents who have Indian registration status are believed to be more likely to die from suicide than the average Canadian adolescent is (Austin, 2010). Calling it an ‘epidemic’ The Edmonton Journal article observed that the rate of suicide in the whole nati on of Canada was particularly higher among the Inuit population, where suicide cases among the population was estimated to be seven times the national rate which was 11.3 cases of suicides for every 100,000 persons (The Edmonton Journal, 2007, p.1). Summarizing these astonishing data the article noted that suicide in the country had, â€Å"overshadowed communities even the healthy communities† (The Edmonton Journal, 2007, p.1).Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These suicide rates for Aboriginal population may not be accurate since there have been some cases of underreporting. For instance, data information collected by the Statistics Canada are only for those who have Aboriginal status hence excluding non-status First Nations groups such as Mà ©tis and the Inuit people (Austin, 2010). Further, the rate of suicides that can be regarded to be accidental among the Aboriginal people is 4-5 times higher than that of the general population, and almost 25 per cent of these deaths may be from suicide (White and Johnson, 2003 cited in Austin, 2010). At the same time, although it is a clear fact that suicide rate is higher among the Aboriginal population as compared to other Canadians, it must also be recognized that not every Aboriginal community in Canada experiences high rates of suicide (White and Jodoin, 2003 cited in Austin, 2010). There exist marked differences that are able to be observed between provinces, regions and also between the var ious communities found in a similar geographical region. For example, while carrying out study for British Columbia’s Aboriginal communities, Chandler and Lalonde (1998) established that some particular communities possessed suicide rates of about 800 times when compared to the national average whereas in other communities suicide rate was totally unknown by the people (cited in Austin, 2010). Contributing factors to suicide among Aboriginal Numerous factors have been identified and explained and the conclusion has been that, in one way or in multiple ways, the factors have contributed to suicide among the Aboriginal. For instance, Minore, Boone, Katt, and Kinch (1991) identify key factors, which they term to be internal to the individual and that have the ability to lad an individual to commit suicide. These internal factors are categorized into four groups: inter-personal relationships, suicide specific experiences, cultural grounding and future anxiety (Minore, Boone, Katt and Kinch, 1991). Interpersonal relationships have to do largely with the individual’s family and peer friends and most young people claim that they commit suicide as a result of little or no communication between parents and children, children having feelings that they are not loved or wanted and also lack of experiencing quality love as a child, and stress as a result of failed relationships for the adolescents (Minore, Boone, Katt and Kinch, 1991). Suicidal specific experiences have also been identified whereby specific suicide experiences are believed to have strong effect particularly on the adolescents. These experiences manifest themselves as ‘a contagion factor’ where cluster patterns of deaths have occurred. This is stimulated by unresolved bereavement or grief which may encourage adolescents to follow suit of their colleagues who commit suicide (Minore, Boone, Katt and Kinch, 1991). The third factor has been associated with the level of cultural awaren ess especially among the adolescents. What is evident is that there exist a wide age gap between the youth and elders among the Aboriginal communities and sadly, the elders are failing to transfer the wisdom of Aboriginal community to the young generation. As such, lack of connectedness to the Aboriginal culture and language is facilitating suicidal cases in the population (Minore, Boone, Katt and Kinch, 1991). The article by Edmonton Journal identifies that the rate of suicide is influenced by factors such as deteriorating and unsupportive economy coupled with unemployment, rampant use of drugs and alcohol, mental illness and sexual abuse (Edmonton Journal, 2007, p.1). On their part, three authors Dorin, Kaltemback and Rahal (2007) observe that many Aboriginal people have found themselves trapped in a vicious circle of unemployment, poverty and low esteem, the paramount factors that encourage youth to destroy themselves. Leenaars (1998) on his part conducts an extensive study of fa ctors that lead to suicide deaths among the northerners of Canada who largely are Aboriginal and his findings indicate that the northerners of Canada are engaged in chronic self-destructive behaviors. The author identifies the Inuit adolescents as worst affected group in which suicide deaths takes place. Further, the author categorizes the factors as psychobiological factors, life history or situational factors and the socio-economic factors (Leenaars, 1998, p.354). Writing on the same topic, Irwin (1985) and Tsai (1989) identifies other key factors that contribute to suicide deaths among the Aboriginal such as: breakdown of cultural values and traditions, a lack of effective role models and leadership, the breakdown of the family unit, a lack of parenting and interpersonal skills, inability to express feelings, failure of the school system to address needs, unemployment, misuse of alcohol and loss of or blurred identity (cited in Leenaars, 1998). Other studies by Armstrong et al. ( 1978) and Dacks (1981) identified the negative effects of ‘internal colonialism’ in the northern region of Canada. The position adopted by the researchers was that this kind of internal colonialism resulted into acculturation and dependency, and as a result, numerous social problems were being experiencing by the northern communities. Such social problems include; high rates of criminal prosecutions and school drop-outs, high birth rates in Canada and rampant chronic depression, intense and unmanageable jealous, anger, and violence among most youths in the northern region. Such crude environment was portent to accelerate cases of suicides among the residents of the region (Leenaars, 1998). O’Neil (1986) on his part did extensive study of the Init youth where he concluded that the source of stress among youth of this community have less to do with change only rather have to do more with political and economic structures with constraints individual and community ef forts to establish meaningful and rewarding social environments (cited in Minore, Boone, Katt and Kinch, 1991). Further, the author noted that majority of the northerners generally internalize their frustrations and accept failure as the result of personal shortcomings. This tendency was the main factor in promoting lack of self-esteem among most youths that in turn led to cases of suicides. O’Neil summarizes his findings by noting that, â€Å"in sum the suicide profile is personal: isolated individuals lacking in self-esteem, but it is also social: the result of cultures shattered on structural barriers† (Minore, Boone, Katt and Kinch, 1991, p.14). Existing Policy structure to help the Aboriginal communities Almost everybody in Canada acknowledges that there is an ‘epidemic’ as many Aboriginal youth succumb to suicide deaths. The Canadian government and other stakeholders have developed numerous policy frameworks with aim of addressing the issue of Aborig inal suicide deaths. Currently, Royal Mounted Canadian Police (RCMP) has become one of the key institutions in Canada developing, facilitating, and influencing strategic priorities for the Aboriginal population (Royal Mounted Canadian Police, 2009). RCMP has established close ties with Aboriginal communities where the organization is involved in providing policing services to the communities and the services have evolved to become culturally competent. For instance, RCMP claims that, â€Å"we continue to influence public policy, provide policing services in hundreds of communities across Canada, and work closely with Aboriginal groups to develop innovative policing approaches that meet their distinctive needs† (Royal Mounted Canadian Police, 2009, p.1). RCMP has an organ known as National Aboriginal Policing Services (NAPS) that has for time being involved in â€Å"planning, developing and managing the organization’s strategies and initiatives for working with Aborigi nal communities† (Royal Mounted Canadian Police, 2009, p.1). Some of the programs NAPS fosters include: â€Å"Aboriginal Youth Training Program; White Stone-Youth Aboriginal Advisory Committee; Aboriginal Perceptions Training; Inuit Perceptions Training; Community Profiles-online reports about the detachment activities in specific communities; Annual Performance Plans, which address an offense or negative social issue that concerns the community† (Royal Mounted Canadian Police, 2009,p.1). White Stone program which is a national program trains Aboriginal youth in matters of care giving, suicide prevention and risk identification. Although the above policy may form one of the success policy frameworks in addressing the issues of the Aboriginal, other past efforts to create policy for the communities failed. For example, Armitage, (1995) notes that for the last one, half century, Canada has applied European social policy to the people of Aboriginal, and consequently, most of the policies have failed. To the author the social policies failed greatly to achieve any of the initial objectives of protection, assimilation and integration. The reasons for these failures include; assumption of racial superiority of the European, the attitude of the colonialist which largely became insensitive and imposed the policy without consultation. Further the failure was due to inability of the professional practice to mould aboriginal children (Armitage, 1995). The author suggests that as a result of the failed social policies, there was need for the development of an alternative policy based on several principles. First, Aboriginal culture to be recognized as possessing integrity and therefore to be respected; second, Aboriginal should be given freedom to enjoy the right to change and incorporate European ideas to their cultures; and finally, Aboriginal peoples have the right to the legal and material resources that are essential to guarantee alternative policies suc cess (Armitage, 1995). David et al. (n.d) discovered that most of the earlier policies paid attention to individual causation factors and therefore, the policy formulated in turn did not address the needs of the Aboriginal people. The authors proposed a holistic approach to the study of the Aboriginal people before coming up with a holistic approach to address their needs. As such, the authors proposed the Intergenerational Trauma Model which has the ability to access the consequences of intergenerational trauma across four systems (David et al., n.d). The conviction of the authors was that less emphasis was paid by the government policies to the culture of the Aboriginal, how individuals in these communities interact with their caregivers, and how individuals interact with their birth communities. The authors acknowledged the fact that most policy frameworks had recognized and proposed for culturally relevant and culturally congruent policies, little had been done to provide for a lifelong treatment models in a continuum-support approach (David et al., n.d). The authors summarize their study by noting that policies that only focus on helping people meet their personal needs are likely in ineffective way address the underlying causes of problems experienced by the Aboriginal people. Citing studies done by other researchers, the authors state that data on the rate of youth suicide in Aboriginal communities indicate a strong correlation between programs that promote positive self-image, well-being, and reduced suicides rates in the Aboriginal communities (David et al., n.d). Therefore, the authors are convinced that it is a holistic approach with ability to reconstruct the links between the individual, family, community, and the Aboriginal nation, which can adequately address the suicide issue Among the Aboriginal (David et al., n.d). Integrating Action research methodologies into Aboriginal policy Action research, since its discovery, has been involved with pra ctical issues; the kind of issues and problems, concerns and needs that arise as a routine part of activity in the real world (Winter and Munn-Giddings, 2001). The practical orientation of action research has also meant that the research is largely aimed at changing things with guiding notion that research should not only be used to gain a better understanding of the problems which arise in everyday practice but should also have the capacity to alter things. Kemshall and Littlechild (2000) observe that participation has become a key issue in the current social policy literature (cited in Lowes and Hulatt, 2005). Action research promotes service user involvement in research and often service user known as wider involvement is linked with emancipatory or empowerment research (Lowes and Hulatt, 2005). Evans and Fisher (1999) observe that service users are the ones to be given the role of identifying the need for the research rather than joining in on research projects that have been id entified already (cited in Lowes and Hulatt, 2005). Generally, social research starts with open-ended inquiry where there are no already preconceived ideas and concepts, rather all the concerned people with interest in the program are incorporated here they identify the focus of the research (Lowes and Hulatt, 2005). The people participate in refining the objectives for the research, forming methods and also interpreting the data collected. The essence of action research is to promote collaboration among the people affected and involved in the research process. In all its operation, action research operates on three main tenets: the agenda should be created and defined by those affected or with interest in the issue. Research should be based on partnership between professional researchers and the affected groups, and lastly, the research should be based on recognition that all people possess the capacity to be creative and be part of creating change, hence need for collaboration (Lo wes and Hulatt, 2005). Re-inventing suicide policy for the Aboriginal communities Numerous research and data exist on how effective suicide and other problems facing the Aboriginal communities of northern Canada can be approached. According to Warry (1998), an effective policy to address suicide among the Aboriginal communities should be designed with the goals of community development, cultural revitalization, improved economic opportunities, and the existence of Aboriginal political control. Warry further observes that suicide among the Aboriginal communities can be viewed both in terms of metaphoric and symbolic (Warry, 1998) and the solution to this need be characterized by Aboriginal people being given time, resources and power to control their own lives and improve their communities. To achieve this, political will is necessary and a vision from Canadian leaders (Warry, 1998). On their part, McCaslin and Boyer (2009) suggested that to realize an effective policy that has capac ity to function, there should be an ongoing commitment and collaboration of community members, social health professionals and all levels of Canadian government. The authors predict that, in the long-run culturally appropriate mechanisms will be the best way to resolve suicide deaths in the communities. Chandler (1998), while suggesting on methods of preventing suicide in Aboriginal communities, he recommended that policy to address the issue should take into consideration the following key factors: land claims, self-government, education services, police and fire services, health services and cultural facilities (cited in Center for Suicide Prevention, 2003 ). Warry, providing recommendations in his report of, ‘Choosing Life’, notes that for effective solution to the Aboriginal problems especially suicide, intervention strategies should be tailored-made based on three broad categories. These include, the development of community-based crisis intervention; the sustained commitment to culturally appropriate, holistic health promotion; and long-term community healing strategies to improve the overall mental-health environment for Aboriginal children, youth and families (Warry, 1998). From the above recommendations, it is clear that for an effective policy on suicide among the Aboriginal communities, there should be collaboration efforts between key stakeholders and action research is paramount. At the same time, recognition and respect of the Aboriginal cultures is necessary and lastly, empowerment of the Aboriginal people is necessary to guarantee any policy initiative success. Guided by the immense literature and analysis of the numerous policy framework of Canada for the Aboriginal people, the following is a re-invented proposed policy that can be used to intervene in the issue of suicide among the Aboriginals. Constructing Aboriginal worldviews No policy initiative can take place and succeed without first having a clear worldview of the Aborigin al people. Worldview of any group of people affects their belief systems, decision making, assumptions and modes of problem solving (Ibrahim, 1984 cited in Kirmayer and Valaskakis, 2009). LaFromboise, Trimble and Mohatt (1990) analyses the concept of worldview and suggest that, â€Å"knowledge of and respect for an Aboriginal worldview and value system which varies according to individual’s tribe, level of acculturation and other personal characteristics is fundamental not only for creating the trusting relationship of cooperation but also in helping and defining the intervention style or approach most appropriate for each individual† (cited in Kirmayer and Valaskakis, 2009, p.338). Creating balance in the intervention program An effective intervention policy among the Aboriginal people should be able to address the dimensions of the self, which include mental, physical, emotional and spiritual as equal parts of a larger whole (Kirmayer and Valaskakis, 2009). When any of these is isolated then the whole program or policy will become dysfunctional. Balance is essential for the Aboriginal people since they view the world to be balance of transcendental forces, human beings and the natural environment. Connectedness/involvement of the community Aboriginals are in great capacity interconnected where the cultures of the communities is seen to be a series of relationships that start with the family (Kirmayer and Valaskakis, 2009). For the various problems prevalent in the communities, it has been suggested that the best place to create and implement programs to deal with such problems is in the community itself (Nelson and McCoy, 1992 cited in Kirmayer and Valaskakis, 2009). Further, it has been observed that when externally designed systems and policies are imported to the communities they are likely to fail (Health Canada, 2003). Hence, there is need for community engagement where both the parents and the youth should be included in developing the ap propriate policy, expounding values and also shaping the results of precedence issues (Health Canada, 2003). Guarantee cultural stability In essence, cultural stability involves the process of transmitting knowledge, values and identity from one generation to another in any particular community (Health Canada, 2003). Transmission has to take place with a great sense and consideration of individual and collective health and wellbeing, belief with confidence in future whereby decisions made now have impact for the future as the culture of the people is concerned. The essence here is that, there should be a constant re-creation and re-invention of Aboriginal community practices in a way that respect, uphold, connect and honor the past. Capacity building Capacity building needs to be the ground upon which any meaningful policy operates. Capacity building should be enhanced and foster in order to improve the knowledge and skills of the Aboriginal communities so that in future the communi ties are able to tackle and find solution to the various problems affecting them (Health Canada, 2003). The policy should ensure that youth are empowered in terms of learning and acquiring skills which they can use to resolve problems affecting them. At the same time, government role should be to provide key resources to facilitate the capacity building in different levels of the communities. Effective capacity building should be promoted in key areas of economy, education, governance, and health of the Aboriginal communities. Conclusion Suicide is a problem that continues to affect the Aboriginal communities of Northern Ontario. Various intervention measures have been designed with aim of helping families and other groups to deal with the issue, but as statistics continue to show, suicide is still an ‘epidemic’ in the region. Aboriginal people are victims to cruel colonial system, isolation, discrimination and unfair justice but continue to find solace in their culture and religion. To effectively initiate and implant a policy that can address the issue of suicide, key stakeholders need to recognize the critical role of action research, which, apart from inquiring it has the ability to seek ‘relevant’ solution to key problems. Further, effective policy framework will only work for the Aboriginal communities when the particular policy is able to address community involvement, empowerment, and decentralization of decision making organs, respect of the Aboriginal culture and promotion of collaboration. References Armitage, A. (1995). Comparing the policy of aboriginal assimilation: Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. Vancouver, UBC Press. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=Y-hBstoLN-MCpg=PA238dq=policy+for+Aboriginal+suicide+victims+in+Canadahl=enei=UCOvTL-nDM7Q4waX9IStBgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepageqf=false. Austin. (2010). Psychiatric and mental health nursing for Canadian practice. Lippinco tt Williams Wilkins. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=_ioMN2DNrdoCpg=PA949dq=Suicide+Among+Canadian+Aboriginal+Peopleshl=enei=eeeuTLqaEZO54Ablg5HzBQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=4ved=0CDYQ6AEwAw#v=onepageq=Suicide%20Among%20Canadian%20Aboriginal%20Peoplesf=false. Center for Suicide Prevention. (2003). Suicide among Canada’s Aboriginal Peoples. Retrieved from http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cache:7nyc0PYaYRQJ:www.suicideinfo.ca/csp/assets/alert52.pdf+sucide+rates+among+the+Aboriginals+of+Canadahl=engl=kepid=blsrcid=ADGEESj33WEBojx_0v2j8w_msXVrO3PevHfv4V4e3zVJDkSzZp1RPM_o1u7Mf2mzD15SFv6iksq0iVZuvG93YE7nuwxcBd_bDtXTHtBnz3V1o67m4WJnFwq8OLZDuaPZVI5NNe8NvbsJsig=AHIEtbS1fnGVzps58jGlBV-Iqs12R8oTWA. David, H. et al. (N.d). Finding Home: Policy Options for Addressing Homelessness in Canada. Toronto, the Homeless Hub Publishers. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=aHemBXz1sZECpg=PT606dq=policy+for+Aboriginal+suicide+victims+in+Canadahl=enei=UCOvTL- nDM 7Q4waX9IStBgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=4ved=0CDkQ6AEwAw#v=onepageqf=false Dorin, J., Kaltemback, M. and Rahal, S. (2007). Canadian Civilization. Presses Univ. du Mirail. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=0v2JgD5HcMMCpg=PA49dq=factors+causing+Suicide+Among+Canadian+Aboriginal+Peopleshl=enei=NgOvTPH8CouM4gbq9MTxBQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=4ved=0CDUQ6AEwAw#v=onepageqf=false. Edmonton Journal. (2007). Aboriginal suicide rate ‘epidemic’. CanWest MediaWorks Publications Inc. Retrieved from http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/story.html?id=b40747b2-00fe-49bc-8609-1d90c33b5360. Health Canada. (2003). Acting on What We Know: Preventing Youth Suicide in First Nations. Advisory Group on Suicide Prevention. Retrieved from https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vpid=gmailattid=0.6thid=12b8a89cb70dd941mt=application/pdfurl=https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui%3D2%26ik%3Dd7ba9de1c1%26view%3Datt%26th%3D12b8a89cb70dd941%26attid%3D0.6%26disp%3Dattd%26zwsig=AHIEtbRW9UKhY uDt7ggR3aE29EFq7ZZoCA. Johnson, O. N. (2010). Blue Wall of Silence: Perceptions of the Influence of Training on Law Enforcement Suicide. FL, Universal-Publishers. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=vOd6MFZ-72MCpg=PA36dq=theories+of+suicidehl=enei=-dquTJaJNsfm4wb3x4nOBgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepageq=theories%20of%20suicidef=false. Kirmayer, L. J. and Valaskakis, G. G. (2009). Healing Traditions: The Mental Health of Aboriginal Peoples in Canada. Vancouver, UBC Press. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=AXYDxvx3zSACpg=PA243dq=RE-INVENTING+CANADIAN+ABORIGINAL+SUICIDE+POLICYhl=enei=7hKwTOfrNIiP4gbIld39Bgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=4ved=0CDkQ6AEwAw#v=onepageqf=false. Leenaars, A. A. (1998). Suicide in Canada. University of Toronto Press. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=spGsTJFoMTACpg=PA354dq=factors+causing+Suicide+Among+Canadian+Aboriginal+Peopleshl=enei=NgOvTPH8CouM4gbq9MTxBQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum= 6ved=0CEMQ6AEwBQ#v=onepageqf=false. Lowes, L. and Hulatt, I. (2005). Involving service users in health and social care research. NY, Routledge. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=h1NokQrEAH4Cpg=PA66dq=social+action+researchhl=enei=xwSwTOWkBI214gbg0IjiBgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=3ved=0CDUQ6AEwAg#v=onepageq=social%20action%20researchf=false. McCaslin, W. D. and Boyer, Y. (2009). First Nations Communities at risk and in crisis: Justice and Security. Journal of Aboriginal Health. Retrieved from http://www.naho.ca/jah/english/jah05_02/V5_I2_Communities_03.pdf. Minore, B., Boone, M., Katt, M. and Kinch, R. (1991). Looking in, Looking out: Coping with Adolescent suicide in the Cree and Ojibway Communities of Northern Ontario. Retrieved from https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vpid=gmailattid=0.3thid=12b8a89cb70dd941mt=application/pdfurl=https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui%3D2%26ik%3Dd7ba9de1c1%26view%3Datt%26th%3D12b8a89cb70dd941%26attid%3D0.3%26disp%3Dattd%26zwsig=AHIEtbSjv afaOrRNiDlXOuQLOSfAxGupZw. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. (N.d). Suicide: Suicide among Canada’s First Nations. Retrieved from http://www.religioustolerance.org/sui_nati.htm. Royal Canadian Mounted Police. (2009). Serving Canada’s Aboriginal People. Retrieved from http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/aboriginal-autochtone/abo-aut-eng.htm. Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples Committee. (N.d). Choosing Life: Special Report on Suicide among Aboriginal People. Retrieved from http://www.mennonitechurch.ca/resourcecentre/ResourceView/2/2851 Warry, W. (1998). Unfinished dreams: community healing and the reality of aboriginal self-government. University of Toronto Press. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=7xNuPgi_-PMCpg=PA142dq=policy+for+Aboriginal+suicide+victims+in+Canadahl=enei=UCOvTL-nDM7Q4waX9IStBgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=2ved=0CC0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepageqf=false. Winter, R. and Munn-Giddings, C. (2001). A handbook for action research in health and so cial care. NY, Routledge. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=5korMs_qC3ICprintsec=frontcoverdq=social+action+researchhl=enei=xwSwTOWkBI214gbg0IjiBgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=2ved=0CC8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepageqf=false. This research paper on Reinventing Suicide Policy in Aboriginal Communities in Northern Ontario was written and submitted by user Amani Dale to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Druids essays

Druids essays In 390 BC Gallic Tribes crossed the Alps swept down through Italy and sacked and burnt Rome. The Gauls left the city but for a time they held the northern part of the Italian peninsula. The region south of the Alps became known to the Romans as Cisalpine Gaul or Gaul this side of the Alps. The Gauls were brave and warlike but proved no match for the well trained Romans and were defeated in Italy in 200s BC. Roman invasions of Transalpine Gaul began and they succeeded during the 100s BC in gaining mastery of the strip of Gaul along the Mediterranean Sea. Gaul later suffered heavily through civil wars and barbaric invasions but it passed on a rich cultural tradition to its new masters. Chief among the invaders were the Franks, who came in the late 400s AD. From that time most of Gaul was called France after the Franks. Druids were created by the Celtic settlers in Gaul around the fourth century BC these original druids then mixed their own culture with those of native Gaelic peoples and was later enriched when they reached the According to Caesar the druids held their assemblies in the land of Carnutes, the center of Gaul. Although the Celtic body as a whole was organized into a strict hierarchy, the individual druid lived alone and shared the life of the people. Teaching, School ages, religion, sacrifices Caesar described the Druids as an itinerant priest hood that moved from tribe to tribe exempt from having to pay taxes or taking up arms. Their membership was exclusive. Young men flocked to join their ranks but only those of intellectual aptitude were chosen. Often their numbers were drawn from the Celtic nobility. It is believed that women could also become Druids just as they could warriors and queens. A would be Druid normally entered training at about seven or eight years of age. During the course of this training the student was required to memorise imm ...

Hospital Robot Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hospital Robot - Essay Example Robots refer to mechanical agents controlled by computer programs and used in completing tasks. They vary in sizes and used for specific purposes. Used with artificial intelligence the machines can perfume precise functions repeatedly without tiring. In healthcare, several hospitals and health facilities in the United States have begun using robots to aid complicated surgeries (Barker 33). The machines run on specific computer programs and follow instructions as fed to them through the computer. Additionally, they operate alongside humans during the operations thus improving the quality of services. Robots have improved the quality of surgical operations and their continued use in the industry will definitely improve the quality of life by improving effectiveness in hospitals as discussed in the essay below.Robots are cost effectiveUnlike humans, a robot is a capital and an asset bought once by a health facility and can perform several functions throughout the clock. Being machines, robots have minimal requirements provided they are in good condition and accurately programmed. They, therefore, function with minimal supervision thus making the practice less labor intensive.Doctors often tire after detailed operations; this makes the operations precarious as they begin making such mistakes as forgetting some of the equipment in the patients they operate. Additionally, they serve more for their services a feature that makes health services very costly thus unaffordable by many (Ichbiah 11).

Promotion and Place Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Promotion and Place - Essay Example the new outfit that’s all the rage, a purchase that will satisfy our safety needs by providing adequate clothing as well as our belonging needs by identifying us as belonging to a certain group and our esteem needs by providing us with a symbol of our current status in society. Using this theory, advertisers have learned how to capitalize on these needs to maximize their own sales. Examples of these ideas can best be illustrated by taking a look at two purchases made recently and the motivations for selecting the items and brands that were bought. The purchase of a computer might be considered by some to be a luxury purchase because it does not directly address any of Maslow’s needs. It does not feed us, clothe us, provide us with additional security or indicate we belong to any specific group. However, if I wanted to succeed in school, I needed to have a computer on which to do my homework and to help me study. This first purchase was a major purchase because it required me to spend a great deal of my savings on one item and therefore threatened my ability to meet some of my other needs, for instance, whether I would have enough money left over for groceries for the rest of the semester. That a computer was required for the successful completion of my academic career was, in part, the fulfillment of my safety needs because it will eventually provide me with the degree I need to obtain better employment and a secure future. The decision to buy an Apple computer was based on a series of television commercials that led m e to believe the Apple was a better purchase than a PC. These commercials feature two men representing each type of computer, each demonstrating different ways in which the Apple is better than the PC. By indicating that the Apple is less susceptible to spyware and computer breakdowns, these commercials appealed to my safety needs by indicating that my personal information would remain private and that my work would probably not get lost

Zara Organizational Structure

Zara Organizational Structure Structure relates to a skeletal framework of activities and processes in an organisation and specifies the roles of these in achieving goals and objectives of the organisation. According to (Mullins, 2009), a good structure is highly important due to the fact that decisions on structure are primary strategic decisions which can make or break an organisation. One important aspect of a good structure is the human element. Organisation structure should be designed so as to encourage employees and increase the morale and job satisfaction of organisation members which will result to overall organisation efficiency. (Mullins, 2006) describes nine basic considerations in the design of organisation structure. The fundamental step is to define organisational objectives to enable further analysis and comparisons of other forms of structure. Clarification of objectives A clear definition of objectives is vital to provide a framework for the design of structure of an organisation. Organisation objectives provide fundamental schemes for division of labour and creation of group units and sub units. Clearly stated aims and objectives will assist in decisions on the strategy and structural dimension to employ to achieve organisational objectives. Task and element functions Certain functions must be performed in order to produce a good or service, from the development of the good or service to finance of resources used in the complete processing. These functions are referred to as the task functions. The results of the task functions must be coordinated to ensure the efficient achievement of total objectives of the organisation. Element functions refer to vital parts of the management process and are supportive of the task functions such as human resources and public relations. Division of work An organisation needs to accomplish an overall task of allocating many different activities to groups of people or individuals to achieve its objectives. The division of work and grouping together of individuals should be organised according to a basic criterion to establish a coherent link between the activities involved. The division of work and linkage of activities occur in various ways such as specialisation, use of similar resources or common expertise of organisation members as the most commonly used basis for grouping activities. Others include division by product or service, division by location, division by nature of the work performed, division according to common time scales such as shift working, division according to staff employed such as allocation of work based on experience and so on. Centralisation and decentralisation The extent of centralisation or decentralisation refers to the point of critical decision making in an organisation which reflects patterns of authority in a structure. In centralised structures decision making authority is within the power of top management while decentralised structures, decision making authority is delegated (Rollinson, 2005). The arguments in favour of centralisation in an organisation entail the easier implementation of a common policy, easier coordination and management control, preventing sub-units from becoming too independent, over-head cost reduction and faster decision making because of the smaller number of people involved. In contrary, arguments for decentralisation include decisions being made at a point closer to operational levels, increased responsiveness to local circumstances, improved level of personal customer service, more flexible structure, control is distributed more evenly which provides opportunity for development for those lower down, and encouraging effect on motivation and morale of staff. Basically, decentralisation tends to be easier to implement in the private sector organisations than public sector ones where procedures and protocols are the order of the day. Decentralisation being a more flexible approach provides support for employee participation and empowerment at all levels which increases innovation and improves technology while centralisation ensures professionalism in all activities by maintaining effective coordination and overall control of the organisations activities as a whole. A mix of both such as being global and local, practically being decentralised with a central control and authority should produce an organisational advantage. A vivid illustration of decentralisation is the Zara fashion enterprise (cited in Mullins, 2009, p.596), where the company derived its success from integration of design, production, logistics and sales within companies globally rather than separating and outsourcing this different business elements unlike its contemporaries in the fashion industry, while still keeping control of all major operations in Spain. The company rejected rigid organisational structures in favour of a more flexible approach which comes from a highly integrated, fast and efficient form of communication between its global network of outlets and central hub of operations in Spain. The industry average time for introducing a design into the shops is six to nine months; Zara achieves this task in three to four weeks. What is peculiar here is that Zara only makes what is selling at the moment, store assistants and managers constantly get information about what is selling and how quickly it leaves the racks implyin g that local managers have a strong influence on their stores success and thus the company overall. On the other hand, an illustration of centralisation is that of Nissan Motor Company (cited in Certo and Certo, 2006, p.123), a successful global automobile manufacturing company where the new CEO ordered calls for the elimination of 30 per cent of production capacity in Japan due to recent financial difficulties. The CEOs plan is to help reduce expenses as well as close offices in New York and Washington with a view to centralise company operations in Japan to enhance success. Principles of organisation The ten principles of organisation include principles of the objective, specialisation, co-ordination, authority, responsibility, definition, correspondence, span of control, balance and principle of continuity. Span of control This refers to number of subordinates who report directly to a particular manager or supervisor. Span of control is larger at lower levels of the organisation where responsibility is concerned more with the performance of specific tasks. If span of control is too wide, supervising too many subordinates effectively becomes difficult and stressful for managers as well as planning and development, training and control. Narrow span of control may lead to low morale and initiative of subordinates due to close supervision level, and also increase administrative costs. Chain of command This refers to the number of different levels in the structure of the organisation, the chain of hierarchical command. Every employee must know there position within the organisation structure. The combination of chain of command and span of control determines the overall pyramid shape of the organisation and whether the hierarchical structure is flat or tall. Flat hierarchical structure depict a broader span of control and few levels of authority while tall structure depicts narrower spans of control and more levels of authority. There is no ideal hierarchical structure but it is best to have a balance of both. An illustration is Mc Donalds fast-food restaurants (cited in Certo and Certo, 2006, p.236). Mc Donalds decided to reorganise its global senior management team as a reaction to its recent poor financial performance. This involved creating two geographic areas of responsibility. The new positions focuses on managing operations in the Americas while the other in Europe, Asia and the Pacific. The new structure evolved with a view to create clearer lines of responsibility and more focus on the companys financial performance within the territories. The new organisation hierarchy was also aimed at helping the company make business decisions more quickly. Formal organisational relationships This refers to individual authority relationships arising from defined patterns of responsibility in an organisation. This are identified as; line relationships where there is a direct relationship between subordinate and supervisor; functional relationships between people in advisory positions, and line managers and their supervisors; staff relationships are usually personal assistants who exercise only representative authority. Line and staff organisation This provides a means of making full use of specialists while maintaining the concept of line authority. Project team and matrix organisation A project team refers to a separate unit set up temporarily for a particular project which is disbanded when the duration elapses while matrix organisation involves functional departments specialising in numerous activities. In conclusion, the overall effectiveness of the organisation will be influenced both by a healthy structural design, and by the behaviour of people who work within the structure. There are numerous variables and factors which influence the soundest structure. Nothing like a perfect organisation exists but it is crucial to establish a framework of order and system through which organisation activities can be planned, organised, directed and controlled. Since structure divides up the organisation into different parts and specifies what roles these will play in achieving specific aims and objectives, it also provides for control and coordination of the parts to achieve this goals. Basically, the essence of structure is the division of work among organisation members, the coordination of activities and various jobs which are inter-related. References Certo S.C and Certo S.T. (2006) Modern Management. 10th edn. Prentice Hall Mullins, L.J. (2009) Management and Organisational Behaviour. 8th edn. Financial Time Press Rollinson, D. (2005) Organisational Behaviour and Analysis: An Integrated Approach. 3rd edn. Financial Times/ Prentice Hall

Climate Change and Air Pollution in Australia Essay -- Global Warming E

Climate Change and Air Pollution in Australia Air Pollution Fortunately for Alice Springs and much of the Northern Territory, its remote location and low population density mean that the city is not a large source of air pollution. In fact, in a report issued by the Northern Territory Minister of Infrastructure, Planning, and Environment, it is said that while doing testing for the National Environmental Protection Measure the government only tested for particulate matter in Alice Springs, instead of the whole slate of air pollutants, which would have included Carbon Monoxide, Ozone, Sulfur Dioxide, and Nitrogen Dioxide. These other pollutants were not a concern, because of the location and low population density of Alice Springs. While testing for particulate matter, the study found only two days over the entire year where particulate matter levels exceeded the National Environmental Protection Measure standards. This was attributed to bushfires and households burning wood for heat in the winter. Although this particula r study did not test for them, Alice Springs does produce significant amounts of greenhouse gases. In June 2006, the Alice Springs Town Council issued the Local Action Plan to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions, in which they explain how much CO2 the town emitted in 1996, and exactly where the emissions came from. In 1996, the city was responsible for 325,370 tonnes of CO2 emissions. Electricity is responsible for the majority of the emissions, while fossil fuels and waste account for the rest. The Town Council’s plan to reduce these emissions hopes to cut them to 80% of 1996 levels by 2010. They plan to focus on reducing electricity consumption. Within buildings managed by the c... ...n Alice Springs. http://www.alicesprings.nt.gov.au/astc_site/your_council/council_publications/plans/local_action_plan_to_reduce_greenhouse_gas_in_alice_springs. June 2006. Australian Government Department of Climate Change. Australia’s Solar Cities. http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/solarcities/alicesprings/index.html Linacre, E. The last ice age in Australia, New Zealand, and Papua New Guinea. http://www-das.uwyo.edu/~geerts/cwx/notes/chap15/lgm_oz.html Peatling, Stephanie. Australia tops greenhouse pollution index Sydney Morning Herald. 19 June 2004. http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/06/18/1087245110190.html Vatskalis, Kon. Report to the NEPC on the implementation of the National Environment Protection (Ambient Air Quality) Measure for the Northern Territory. http://www.ephc.gov.au/pdf/annrep_01_02/179-181_Jur_Rep_AAQ_NT.pdf

Into the Nature of Relationships in Different Cultures

Relationships Discuss research into the nature of relationships in different cultures. (9 marks + 16 marks) In Western Cultures, it has been found that relationships are voluntary, temporary and focus on the needs of the individual as due to the predominantly urban settings in which we live in, we are able to (on a daily basis) interact with a large number of people. Western cultures therefore appear to be characterised by a high degree of choice in personal relationships and a greater ‘pool’ of potential relationships.Non-western cultures however, have less choice about whom they interact with on a daily basis, meaning that interaction with strangers are rare and relationships are frequently tied to other factors, such as family or economic resources. In societies with reduced mobility, (predominantly non-western cultures) arranged marriages are common as love is expected to grow due to the fact that it is not seen as necessary for marriage.Arranged marriages seem to wo rk well and make good sense as divorce rates are low and Epstein (2002) found that perhaps about half of them report that they have fallen in love with each other. Myers et al. , (2005) studied individuals in India living in arranged marriages and found no differences in marital satisfaction in comparison to individuals in non-arranged marriages in the US. This is also supported by Gupta and Singh (1982) who studied 100 degree-educated couples living in India, 50 of who had chosen their partners and 50 of who had their marriages arranged for them.The couples were asked to indicate how much they liked/loved their partners and it was found that love and liking was high in love marriages but decreased whereas love increased in arranged marriages and after 10 years exceeded love marriages. However, this study is difficult to generalise as it studies only a small sample and so cannot be generalised to the wider population. It therefore lacks validity. However, in some adapting cultures s uch as China, there has been a noticeable increase in ‘love matches’ as the Chinese are currently attempting to move away from traditional ‘arranged’ marriages.Instances in which parents dominate the process of partner choice in china have declined from 70% prior to 1949, to less than 10% in the 1990s. Xioahe and Whyte (1990) studied women in love marriages and found that they were more satisfied than those in arranged marriages. Western cultures are also seen as individualistic due to their focuses on individuals rather than groups, with individual happiness and pleasure seen as fundamentally important. On the other hand, non-western cultures are seen as collectivist cultures as people are encouraged to be interdependent rather than independent.Moghaddam et al. (1993) claim that the cultural attitudes of individualist cultures, are consistent with the formation of relationships that are based on freedom of choice, whereas collectivism leads to relationship s that may have more to do with the concerns of family or group. Norms and rules act as guidelines for behaviour and influence how we act out any given relationship. One such norm that plays a key part in personal relationships is the norm of reciprocity.Ting-Toomey (1986) found that in individualist cultures, reciprocity in personal relationships tend to be voluntary. In collectivist cultures however, it is more obligatory. In such cultures, failure to return a favour is seen as a failure of one’s moral duty. In Japanese culture, for example, there are specific rules about gift-giving and reciprocating, whereas n such formal norms exist in Western cultures. Argyle et al. ’s cross-cultural comparison of relationship rules in different cultures did find support for some predictions but failed to support others.However, a problem with this research is that the list of rules was formulated in the UK and may have failed to include rules that are specific to a particular cu lture such as Japan. Research on cross-cultural differences in norms and rules is important to be able to conduct cross-cultural relationships successfully. Knowledge of the norms and rules underlying cross-cultural relationships is an important aspect of any attempt to understand and improve relations between different cultural groups within a host country. Finally, relationships are difficult to study scientifically.Laboratory experiments, through the manipulation of isolated variables, are seen as the most rigorous way of establishing cause and effect, and he best way of furthering our understanding of the processes involved in human relationships. However, as Hogg and Vaughan (2008) point out, people do bring their cultural ‘baggage’ into the laboratory. Although cultural background may be seen as a problematic extraneous variable to some researchers, it is clear that culture itself is an important variable that influences the relationship processes being studied.

Poverty And How People With Poverty Suffer Real...

As a college student pursuing a career, I found it interesting to research the topic of poverty and how people with poverty suffer real psychological issues. Psychology class made me think about problems in a different perspective. Poverty is a serious societal problem that people struggle with everyday with out knowing how much of a psychological toll it takes on these people. It only gets harder as they dig themselves a hole they cannot climb out of. Although some social, economic, and political forces do drive these people in the ground, it is vital to know the psychological roles that play part. Psychological concepts and theories such as self-worth and psychological empowerment have a big role in helping people in poverty. It all starts with a healthy lifestyle and environment. When walking down the streets of Chicago, I began to realize from a mental aspect of how hard it must be for people in poverty to struggle with everyday life situations. When a person lives in pover ty, living conditions put the individual at very low risk of living. Poor mental heath is both a cause and consequence of poverty. Poor mental health leads to an inadequate access to simple health tips, lack of education, and a loss of societal norms. Theses causes often lead to very high levels of stress, depression, anxiety, and insecurity. People on the streets live an unhealthy lifestyle, physically and mentally. Psychological disorders such as depression, anti-social personalityShow MoreRelatedSexual Assault Prevention Seminar For College Students Essay1220 Words   |  5 PagesViolence against women is defined as any act of gender-based violence that results in or is likely to result in—physical, sexual/psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of acts such as coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private. 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